Determinants of Urine Output Using Advanced Hemodynamic Monitoring in Critically Ill Patients Undergoing Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy

Abstract

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Low cardiac output and hypovolemia are candidate macrocirculatory mechanisms explanatory of de novo anuria in intensive care unit (ICU) patients undergoing continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). We aimed to determine the hemodynamic parameters and CRRT settings associated with the longitudinal course of UO during CRRT. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> This is an ancillary analysis of the PRELOAD CRRT observational, single-center study (NCT03139123). Enrolled adult patients had severe acute kidney injury treated with CRRT for less than 24 h and were monitored with a calibrated continuous cardiac output monitoring device. Hemodynamics (including stroke volume index [SVI] and preload-dependence, identified by continuous cardiac index variation during postural maneuvers), net ultrafiltration (UF_NET), and UO were reported 4-hourly, over 7 days. Two study groups were defined at inclusion: non-anuric participants if the cumulative 24 h UO at inclusion was ≥0.05 mL kg⁻¹ h⁻¹, and anuric otherwise. Quantitative data were reported by its median [interquartile range]. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Forty-two patients (age 68 [58–76] years) were enrolled. At inclusion, 32 patients (76%) were not anuric. During follow-up, UO decreased significantly in non-anuric patients, with 25/32 (78%) progressing to anuria within 19 [10–50] hours. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and UF_NET did not significantly differ between study groups during follow-up, while SVI and preload-dependence were significantly associated with the interaction of study group and time since inclusion. Higher UF_NET flow rates were significantly associated with higher systemic vascular resistances and lower cardiac output during follow-up. Multivariate analyses showed that (1) lower UO was significantly associated with lower SVI, lower MAP, and preload-independence; and (2) higher UF_NET was significantly associated with lower UO. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> In ICU patients treated with CRRT, those without anuria showed a rapid loss of diuresis after CRRT initiation. Hemodynamic indicators of renal perfusion and effective volemia were the principal determinants of UO during follow-up, in relation with the hemodynamic impact of UF_NET setting.