Improvements in Inflammation and Calcium Balance of Citrate versus Acetate as Dialysate Buffer in Maintenance Hemodialysis: A Unicentric, Cross-Over, Prospective Study

Abstract

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> The composition of the dialysate is a crucial feature in the dialysis treatment. Two of its most debated elements are the optimal calcium concentration and the use of acetate as a buffer. Moreover, among the different alternatives to achieve acetate-free dialysis, the use of citrate is postulated as the most suitable option. The objective of this study is to identify the potential beneficial effects of citrate when compared to acetate dialysate (AD) both in short-term effects (especially regarding intradialytic calcium balance and cardiac damage biomarkers) and in medium-term ones with CKD-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD) and inflammatory biomarkers measured after twelve sessions performed with each dialysate. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> This is a unicentric, cross-over, prospective study. Each patient underwent 24 dialysis sessions, 12 with each dialysate buffer. Blood samples were taken in 2 different sessions with each acidifier. They include CKD-MBD and inflammatory biomarkers. The calcium concentration of both dialysates was 1.5 mmol/L, while all other dialysis parameters and patients’ treatment remained unchanged during the study period. <b><i>Results:</i></b> When comparing AD and citrate dialysate (CD), there were no differences in pre-dialysis ionized calcium (iCa) (1.11 vs. 1.08 mmol/L) in both groups. However, there was a significant increase in iCa with the use of AD in immediate and 30-min post-dialysis blood samples. In contrast, iCa levels remained stable with the use of citrate. Inflammatory biomarkers were also reduced after the use of CD. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> The use of citrate provides interesting advantages when compared to acetate. It maintains iCa levels stable during dialysis sessions with a neutral or negative effect on calcium balance, and it improves the chronic inflammatory condition that comes with long-time hemodialysis treatment. These beneficial effects may lead to an improvement in clinical outcomes.