Pediatric Physical Restraint Coding in US Hospitals: A 2019 Kids Inpatient Database Study

Abstract

BACKGROUND Reduction of physical restraint utilization is a goal of high-quality hospital care, but there is little nationally-representative data about physical restraint utilization in hospitalized children in the United States. This study reports the rate of physical restraint coding among hospitalizations for patients aged 1 to 18 years old in the United States and explores associated demographic and diagnostic factors. METHODS The Kids’ Inpatient Database, an all-payors database of community hospital discharges in the United States, was queried for hospitalizations with a diagnosis of physical restraint status in 2019. Logistic regression using patient sociodemographic characteristics was used to characterize factors associated with physical restraint coding. RESULTS A coded diagnosis of physical restraint status was present for 8893 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 8227–9560) hospitalizations among individuals aged 1 to 18 years old, or 0.63% of hospitalizations. Diagnoses associated with physical restraint varied by age, with mental health diagnoses overall the most frequent in an adjusted model, male sex (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.56; 95% CI: 1.47–1.65), Black race (aOR 1.43; 95% CI: 1.33–1.55), a primary mental health or substance diagnosis (aOR 7.13; 95% CI: 6.42–7.90), Medicare or Medicaid insurance (aOR 1.33; 95% CI: 1.24–1.43), and more severe illness (aOR 2.83; 95% CI: 2.73–2.94) were associated with higher odds of a hospitalization involving a physical restraint code. CONCLUSIONS Physical restraint coding varied by age, sex, race, region, and disease severity. These results highlight potential disparities in physical restraint utilization, which may have consequences for equity.