Hospital Variation in Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome Incidence, Treatment Modalities, Resource Use, and Costs Across Pediatric Hospitals in the United States, 2013 to 2016

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The national incidence of neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) has increased with the opioid epidemic in the United States. The impact of pharmacologic treatment on hospital use is not well established. We examined the recent population of neonates with NAS admitted to pediatric hospitals, hospital variation in pharmacologic treatment, and the effect of treatment on resource use during neonatal hospitalization, including length of stay (LOS), readmission, and cost-of-living adjusted hospital costs. METHODS: We included inpatients discharged between January 2013 and March 2016 from hospitals in the Pediatric Health Information System. We compared neonates with NAS to those without on demographic, socioeconomic, clinical characteristics and hospital resource use. We also compared neonates with NAS on these characteristics by pharmacologic treatment. RESULTS: This analysis included 136 762 neonatal encounters from 23 hospitals. Of these, 2% had a diagnosis of NAS. Compared with other neonates, neonates with NAS had a longer LOS (18.7 vs 2.9 days; P = .004). Average costs per admission were 10 times higher for neonates with NAS ($37 584 vs $3536; P = .003). Of neonates with NAS, 70% were treated pharmacologically with wide variation in hospital rates of pharmacotherapy (range: 13%–90%). Pharmacologically-treated neonates with NAS experienced a longer LOS (22.0 vs 10.9 days; P = .004) than other neonates with NAS. Total costs for pharmacologically-treated neonates with NAS were over 2 times higher ($44 720 vs $20 708; P = .002) than neonates with NAS treated without pharmacotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: Neonates with NAS, particularly those treated pharmacologically, have lengthier, more expensive hospital stays. Significant variation in pharmacologic treatment reflects opportunities for practice standardization and substantial reductions in resource use.