1. Fred Halliday, “The Politics of the Umma: States and Community in Islamic Movements,” in Shaping the Current Islamic Reformation, ed. B.A. Roberson (London: Frank Cass, 2003), 20–41.
2. John L. Esposito, Islam and Politics, 2nd ed. (New York: Syracuse University Press, 1987), 4.
3. Tariq Ramadan, In the Footsteps of the Prophet: Lessons from the Life of Muhammad (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 25.
4. Marshall G.S. Hodgson, The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization. Vol. 1, The Classical Age of Islam (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974), 248.
5. Jocelyne Cesari, When Islam and Democracy Meet: Muslims in Europe and in the United States (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), 91.