1. The author thanks Prof. John Wong for materials and comments on earlier drafts. He also thanks Peng Er Lam and Elspeth Thomson for their editing.
2. See chapter 5, "China: In Search of an Energy Policy," in Robert Manning, The Asian Energy Factor: Myths and Dilemmas of Energy, Security and the Pacific Future (New York: Palgrave, 2000), 85-118
3. Gao Shixian, "China," in Rethinking Energy Security in East Asia, ed. Paul Stares (Tokyo: Japan Center for International Exchange, 2000), 43-58
4. P. Crompton and Y. R. Wu, "Energy Consumption in China: Past Trends and Future Directions," Energy Economics 27, no. 1 (January 2005): 195-298.
5. See J. Calabrese, "China and the Persian Gulf: Energy and Security," Middle East Journal 52, no. 3 (Summer 1998): 351-366