1. John Berger, Ways of Seeing (London: Penguin, 1972), p. 47.
2. Berger’s analysis anticipates Laura Mulvey’s seminal argument, “Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema,” Screen 16 (1975): 6–18, only by a few years.
3. Steven Shaviro, The Cinematic Body (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993), p. 8, rightly suggests that the Mulveian gaze is an attempt to reassert the viewer’s agency in the face of an image’s power.
4. See Dallas G. Denery, II, Seeing and Being Seen in the Later Medieval World: Optics, Theology, and Religious Life (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005).
5. Augustine, Enarrationes in Psalmos, 140, Patrologia Latina 37 (J. P. Migne: Paris, 1845) 16.1825–26: Certe caro tanquam conjux est…ama et castiga, donec fiat in una reformatione una Concordia [your flesh is like your wife…love and correct it, until it is formed into one bond, one harmony].