1. D.W. Robertson, Jr., A Preface to Chaucer: Studies in Medieval Perspective (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1962 ), p. 113. ( Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1971 ).
2. Beryl Rowland, Blind Beasts: Chaucer’s Animal World (Kent State University Press, 1971), p. 102.
3. Karl P. Wentersdorf, “The Symbolic Significance of Figurae Scatologicae in Gothic Manuscripts” in Word, Picture, and Spectacle ed. Clifford Davidson (Kalamazoo, MI: Medieval Institute Publications, 1984), p. 3 [1–19].