1. Paul Gilroy, The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness ( Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993 ).
2. Paul Gilroy, “Cultural Studies and Ethnic Absolutism,” in Lawrence Grossberg, Cary Nelson, and Paula Treichler, eds., Cultural Studies ( New York: Routledge, 1992 ), p. 192.
3. J. Lorand Matory, “The English Professors of Brazil: On the Diasporic Roots of the Yorûbâ Nation,” Comparative Studies in Society and History 41, no. 1 (1999): 73.
4. Kwame Anthony Appiah, “Pan-Africanism,” in Kwame Anthony Appiah and Henry Louis Gates Jr., eds., Africana: The Encyclopedia ofthe African and African-American Experience (New York: Basic Civitas Books, 1999), p. 1485. For problems of definition see also
5. Sidney J. Lemelle and Robin D.G. Kelley, “Imagining Home: Pan-Africanism Re-Visited,” in Sidney J. Lemelle and Robin D.G. Kelley, eds., Imagining Home: Class, Culture and Nationalism in the African Diaspora ( London and New York: Verso, 1994 ), pp. 1–16.