1. See Robert L. Nelson, “German Comrades-Slavic Whores,” in Karen Hagemann and Stefanie Schüler-Springorum, eds., Home/Front: The Military, War and Gender in Twentieth-Century Germany (Oxford: Berg, 2002), 69–86.
2. Karen Hagemann, “Of ‘Manly Valor’ and ‘German Honor’: Nation, War and Masculinity in the Age of the Prussian Uprising against Napoleon,” Central European History 30:2 (1997), 187–220; Ute Frevert, “Soldaten, Staatsbürger: Überlegungen zur historischen Konstruktion von Männlichkeit,” in Thomas Kühne, ed., Männergeschichte—Geschlechtergeschichte, 82–85.
3. Andrew Donson, Youth in the Fatherless Land: War Pedagogy, Nationalism, and Authority in Germany, 1914–1918 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2010), 49–51.
4. Paul Weindling, Health, Race and German Politics between National Unification and Nazism, 1870–1945 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 84, 108–9;
5. see also Jason Crouthamel, “Male Sexuality and Psychological Trauma: Soldiers and Sexual ‘Disorder’ in World War I and Weimar Germany,” Journal of History of Sexuality, 17:1 (January 2008), 60–84.