1. K. M. Salleh (1991), Raffl esia: Magnificent Flower of Sabah. Kota Kinabalu: Borneo Publishing Company, pp. 6–7, 22.
2. L. Y. Andaya (1993), The World of Maluku: Eastern Indonesia in the Early Modern Period. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
3. B. W. Andaya (2011), ‘Gathering “Knowledge” in the Bay of Bengal: The Letters of John Adolphus Pope, 1785–1788’, Paper presented at Penang and the Indian Ocean Conference, p. 7. The letter Pope wrote about betel can be found in
4. A. Bulley (1992), Free Mariner: John Adolphus Pope in the East Indies, 1786–1821. Putney: British Association of Cemeteries in South Asia, p. 105.
5. Isaac Henry Burkill — one of the most influential botanists of twentieth-century Southeast Asia — described the unique characteristics of the Rafflesia, and its ability to impress observers, as ‘an object so strange, fancy attributes strange virtues’. I. H. Burkill (1966), A Dictionary of Economic Products of the Malay Peninsula, Vol. II. Kuala Lumpur: Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, p. 1894.