1. U.S. Geological Survey Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center Hawai‘i National Park HI 96718 USA.
2. Institute of Geobotany, Leibniz University Hannover, Nienburger Straße 17, 30167 Hannover, Germany.
3. U.S. Geological Survey Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center Honolulu HI 96718 USA.
4. The Nature Conservancy, Hawai‘i Program Office, 923 Nu‘uanu Avenue, Honolulu, HI 96817, USA.
5. Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Hawai‘i at Hilo, 200 W. Kawili St., Hilo, HI 96720, USA.