Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Low-Cost Unconventional Adsorbents Derived from Waste Materials

Abstract

Adsorption of the solute on solid is an equilibrium operation. The nature of adsorbent affects the efficiency of the operation. High surface area per unit volume is the essential attribute of a good adsorbent. Isotherm and kinetic studies are carried out to understand the adsorption mechanism. Many investigators have carried out batch experiments to study the effect of various parameters like initial adsorbate concentration, pH, particle size, and adsorbent dose. The use of adsorbents derived from low-cost materials makes this operation acceptable in industries. Regeneration of adsorbent can reduce the problem of disposal of used adsorbent material. Optimum values of affecting parameters can be determined from batch experiments. The isotherm and kinetic constants can be determined from batch experiments. These investigations give us an idea about the nature of adsorbent, maximum adsorption capacity, the order of adsorption, and optimum pH. This review sheds light on investigations on adsorbents derived from unconventional adsorbents and their characterization and performance evaluation.