Diurnal Cycles of Synthetic Microwave Sounding Lower-Stratospheric Temperatures from Radio Occultation Observations, Reanalysis, and Model Simulations

Abstract

Abstract An observationally based global climatology of the temperature diurnal cycle in the lower stratosphere is derived from 11 different satellites with global positioning system–radio occultation (GPS-RO) measurements from 2006 to 2020. Methods used in our analysis allow for accurate characterization of global stratospheric temperature diurnal cycles, even in the high latitudes where the diurnal signal is small but longer time-scale variability is large. A climatology of the synthetic Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU) and Advanced MSU (AMSU) Temperature in the Lower Stratosphere (TLS) is presented to assess the accuracy of diurnal cycle climatologies for the MSU and AMSU TLS observations, which have traditionally been generated by model data. The TLS diurnal ranges are typically less than 0.4 K in all latitude bands and seasons investigated. It is shown that the diurnal range (maximum minus minimum temperature) of TLS is largest over Southern Hemisphere tropical land in the boreal winter season, indicating the important role of deep convection. The range, phase, and seasonality of the TLS diurnal cycle are generally well captured by the WACCM6 simulation and ERA5 dataset. We also present an observationally based diurnal cycle climatology of temperature profiles from 300 to 10 hPa for various latitude bands and seasons and compare the ERA5 data with the observations.