A Statistical Analysis of High-Frequency Track and Intensity Forecasts from NOAA’s Operational Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting (HWRF) Modeling System

Abstract

AbstractA statistical analysis is performed on the high-frequency (3⅓ s) output from NOAA’s cloud-permitting, high-resolution operational Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting (HWRF) Model for all tropical cyclones (TCs) in the North Atlantic Ocean basin over a 3-yr period (2017–19). High-frequency HWRF forecasts of TC track and 10-m maximum wind speed (Vmax) exhibited large fluctuations that were not captured by traditional low-frequency (6 h) model output. Track fluctuations were inversely proportional to Vmax, with average values of 6–8 km. The Vmax fluctuations were as high as 20 kt (10.3 m s−1) in individual forecasts and were a function of maximum intensity, with a standard deviation of 5.5 kt (2.8 m s−1) for category-2 hurricanes and smaller fluctuations for tropical storms and major hurricanes. The radius of Vmax contracted or remained steady when TCs rapidly intensified in high-frequency HWRF forecasts, consistent with observations. Running-mean windows of 3–9 h were applied at synoptic times to smooth the high-frequency HWRF output to investigate its utility to operational forecasting. Smoothed high-frequency HWRF output improved Vmax forecast skill by up to 8% and produced a more realistic distribution of 6-h intensity change when compared with low-frequency, instantaneous output. Furthermore, the high-frequency track forecast output may be useful for investigating characteristics of TC trochoidal motions.