CalWater Field Studies Designed to Quantify the Roles of Atmospheric Rivers and Aerosols in Modulating U.S. West Coast Precipitation in a Changing Climate

Author:

Ralph F. M.1,Prather K. A.1,Cayan D.2,Spackman J. R.3,DeMott P.4,Dettinger M.2,Fairall C.5,Leung R.6,Rosenfeld D.7,Rutledge S.4,Waliser D.8,White A. B.5,Cordeira J.9,Martin A.1,Helly J.10,Intrieri J.5

Affiliation:

1. Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California

2. Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, and U.S. Geological Survey, La Jolla, California

3. Science and Technology Corporation, and NOAA/Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado

4. Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado

5. NOAA/Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado

6. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Department of Energy, Richland, Washington

7. Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel

8. NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California

9. Plymouth State University, Plymouth, New Hampshire

10. Scripps Institution of Oceanography, and San Diego Super Computer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California

Abstract

Abstract The variability of precipitation and water supply along the U.S. West Coast creates major challenges to the region’s economy and environment, as evidenced by the recent California drought. This variability is strongly influenced by atmospheric rivers (ARs), which deliver much of the precipitation along the U.S. West Coast and can cause flooding, and by aerosols (from local sources and transported from remote continents and oceans) that modulate clouds and precipitation. A better understanding of these processes is needed to reduce uncertainties in weather predictions and climate projections of droughts and floods, both now and under changing climate conditions. To address these gaps, a group of meteorologists, hydrologists, climate scientists, atmospheric chemists, and oceanographers have created an interdisciplinary research effort, with support from multiple agencies. From 2009 to 2011 a series of field campaigns [California Water Service (CalWater) 1] collected atmospheric chemistry, cloud microphysics, and meteorological measurements in California and associated modeling and diagnostic studies were carried out. Based on the remaining gaps, a vision was developed to extend these studies offshore over the eastern North Pacific and to enhance land-based measurements from 2014 to 2018 (CalWater-2). The dataset and selected results from CalWater-1 are summarized here. The goals of CalWater-2, and measurements to date, are then described. CalWater is producing new findings and exploring new technologies to evaluate and improve global climate models and their regional performance and to develop tools supporting water and hydropower management. These advances also have potential to enhance hazard mitigation by improving near-term weather prediction and subseasonal and seasonal outlooks.

Publisher

American Meteorological Society

Subject

Atmospheric Science

Reference63 articles.

1. Detection of Asian dust in California orographic precipitation;Ault;J. Geophys. Res.,2011

2. CEC, 2012: CalWater 2: Precipitation, aerosols, and Pacific Atmospheric Rivers Experiment. California Energy Commission, 22 pp. [Available online at www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/calwater/overview/pdf/CalWater2-30Nov12.pdf.]

3. The development and evolution of two atmospheric rivers in proximity to western North Pacific tropical cyclones in October 2010;Cordeira;Mon. Wea. Rev.,2013

4. Dust and biological aerosols from the Sahara and Asia influence precipitation in the western U.S;Creamean;Science,2013

5. Impact of interannual variations in sources of insoluble aerosol species on orographic precipitation over California’s central Sierra Nevada;Creamean;Atmos. Chem. Phys.,2015

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