Novel Paracrine Action of Endothelium Enhances Glucose Uptake in Muscle and Fat

Abstract

Rationale: A hallmark of type 2 diabetes is insulin resistance, which leads to increased endothelial cell (EC) production of superoxide and a simultaneous reduction in the availability of the vasoprotective signaling radical NO. We recently demonstrated in preclinical models that type 2 diabetes simultaneously causes resistance to IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor-1)–mediated glucose lowering and endothelial NO release. Objective: To examine the effect of insulin and IGF-1 resistance specifically in ECs in vivo. Methods and Results: We generated mice expressing mIGF-1Rs (mouse IGF-1 receptors), which form nonfunctioning hybrid receptors with native IRs (insulin receptors) and IGF-1R, directed to ECs under control of the Tie2 promoter-enhancer. Despite EC insulin and IGF-1 resistance, mIGFREO (mutant IGF-1R EC overexpressing) mice had enhanced insulin and IGF-1–mediated systemic glucose disposal, lower fasting free fatty acids, and triglycerides. In hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp studies, mIGFREO had increased glucose disposal and increased glucose uptake into muscle and fat, in response to insulin. mIGFREO had increased Nox (NADPH oxidase)-4 expression due to reduced expression of the microRNA, miR-25. Consistent with increased Nox4, mIGFREO ECs generated increased hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), with no increase in superoxide. Treatment with catalase—a H 2 O 2 dismutase—restored insulin tolerance to WT (wild type) levels in mIGFREO. Conclusions: Combined insulin and IGF-1 resistance restricted to the endothelium leads to a potentially favorable adaptation in contrast to pure insulin resistance, with increased Nox4-derived H 2 O 2 generation mediating enhanced whole-body insulin sensitivity.