Epoxycholesterol Impairs Cholesteryl Ester Hydrolysis in Macrophage Foam Cells, Resulting in Decreased Cholesterol Efflux

Abstract

Objective— Strategies to inhibit or reverse cholesterol accumulation in macrophages have been shown to be atheroprotective. Notably, the administration of LXR agonists upregulates key players in the reverse cholesterol transport pathway, including the ABCA1 and ABCG1 transporters. However, the effects of natural LXR activators, oxysterols, on lipid-laden macrophages remains elusive. Methods and Results— We assessed the ability of 2 oxysterols, 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol (22-OH) and 24(S),25-epoxycholesterol (epoxycholesterol), to promote cholesterol efflux to apoA-I from LDL- and modified LDL-labeled and loaded macrophages and thus rescue the phenotype associated with the accumulation of cellular cholesterol in these cells. In macrophages labeled with LDL-derived cholesterol, epoxycholesterol treatment enhances ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux. In contrast, in AcLDL-loaded macrophages, epoxycholesterol treatment decreases cholesterol efflux to apoA-I, despite a dramatic increase in the expression of ABCA1 in response to epoxycholesterol treatment. We show that the decreased efflux is attributable to impaired cholesterol mobilization from lipid droplets, resulting from decreased cholesteryl ester hydrolase activity. Conclusion— Epoxycholesterol impairs cholesteryl ester hydrolysis activity in macrophage foam cells, thus reducing the availability of cholesterol for efflux to cholesterol acceptors.