Nanoparticle-Based Therapies in Hypertension

Abstract

Nearly 1.4 billion people worldwide suffer from arterial hypertension, a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease which is now the leading cause of death. Despite numerous drugs designed to treat hypertension, only ≈14% of hypertensive individuals have their blood pressure under control. A critical factor negatively impacting the efficacy of available treatments is their poor bioavailability. This leads to increased dosing requirements which can result in more side effects, resulting in patient noncompliance. A recent solution to improve dosing and bioavailability issues has been to incorporate drugs into nanoparticle carriers, with over 50 nanodrugs currently on the market across all diseases, and another 51 currently in clinical trials. Given their ability to improve solubility and bioavailability, nanoparticles may offer significant advantages in the formulation of antihypertensives to overcome pharmacokinetic shortcomings. To date, however, no antihypertensive nanoformulations have been clinically approved. This review assesses in vivo study data from preclinical antihypertensive nanoformulation development and testing. Combined, the results of these studies suggest nanoformulation of antihypertensive drugs may be a promising solution to overcome the poor efficacy of currently available antihypertensives, and with further advances has the potential to open paths for new substances that have heretofore been clinically unrealistic due to poor bioavailability.