Pulmonary Autograft Procedure for Aortic Valve Disease

Abstract

Background Pulmonary autograft replacement of the diseased aortic valve has not been widely practiced due to concerns regarding late autograft competence and the consequences of creating pulmonary valve disease. To investigate this, the fate of the pioneering series of patients has been determined. Methods and Results The 131 hospital survivors of the pulmonary autograft operation at the National Heart Hospital from 1967 to 1984 were identified and their outcomes determined to 1994. Age at operation was 11 to 52 years, and 109 patients were male. Autograft implantation was orthotopic subcoronary (107), free-standing root (20), or Dacron mounted (2). In 113 patients, homografts replaced the native pulmonary valve. Ten and 20 years after operation, survival was 85% and 61%, freedom from autograft replacement was 88% and 75%, and freedom from replacement of pulmonary position homografts was 89% and 80%, respectively. Causes of deaths (53) included chronic heart failure (13), complications of reoperation (12), and endocarditis (7). Autograft regurgitation, the most common indication for reoperation, appeared primarily technical in nature, usually due to cusp prolapse. Degeneration was found in only 3 of 30 explanted autografts, and the young patients showed no increase in late valve failure. Homografts outperformed other valve replacements in the pulmonary position, but patients with orthotopic subcoronary and root autografts survived similarly. Conclusions The pulmonary autograft offers low rates of degeneration, endocarditis, and thromboembolism for a period lasting >20 years, particularly in the young, with reoperation mainly required for malpositioning of the autograft cusps. The capacity of the autograft to maintain viability with minimal degeneration is not matched by any other biological valve replacement.