1. From the Center for Quality, Outcomes, and Clinical Research, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology (C.E.S., A.D., J.S., A.C.S., J.S.L., S.K., C.T., O.C.M., M.S., S.S., A.L., S.R.M.); Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (V.B., D.C., J.B., L.W.); and Department of Anesthesiology (S.E.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center’s Heart and Vascular Institute, Pittsburgh, PA.