Fatal Ludwig's Angina: Cases of Lethal Spread of Odontogenic Infection

Abstract

We report two cases of deaths resulting from complications of odontogenic infections/submandibular space infections. In one case, the decedent had a history of toothache as well as facial and tongue swelling; autopsy revealed inflammation involving the tongue and larynx. In the second case, the decedent had a history of toothache, and at autopsy there was spread of infection to the mediastinum. Ludwig's angina is a form of submandibular space infection, which often is a result of odontogenic infection. The infection can spread into the deep spaces of the neck, producing complications including edema of the tongue and pharynx (causing airway obstruction), descending mediastinitis, pericarditis, necrotizing fasciitis, pleural empyema, and pneumonia. Gross findings at autopsy might reveal a dental abscess or other forms of infection of the head and neck, necrosis of the neck muscles and larynx, and infrequently, infection extending to the chest cavity. Microscopically, there is acute inflammation with necrosis and/or granulation tissue predominantly within the fascia. Without treatment, submandibular space infections can be life threatening and progression to death can be swift. These cases demonstrate the lethal effects of odontogenic infections. Without a clinical history of toothache or dental abscess, one can be alerted to a possible submandibular space infection by identifying isolated necrosis of the neck musculature.