1. Anne Marie Kabes is enrolled in the nurse anesthetist program at Mount Marty College in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. She was a full-time staff nurse in the intensive care unit and chair of the Nursing Research Council at Creighton University Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, when this study was done.
2. Janet K. Graves is assistant professor of nursing at Creighton University School of Nursing. She has taught pediatric nursing, informatics, data analysis, and statistics.
3. Joan Norris is a professor and associate dean for research at Creighton University School of Nursing and serves as a consultant to the Nursing Research Council at Creighton University Medical Center Hospital in Omaha, Nebraska.