Enhancing cognitive resilience: a narrative review of lifestyle interventions in cognitive decline prevention among older adults

Abstract

Background: The increasing prevalence of cognitive decline and neurodegenerative disorders among ageing populations necessitates effective preventive strategies. Lifestyle interventions, including dietary modifications, cognitive training, and physical exercise, have emerged as promising avenues for enhancing cognitive resilience. This narrative review synthesizes current evidence on the efficacy of lifestyle interventions in preventing or delaying cognitive decline among older adults. Methods and Materials: A systematic search was conducted across databases, including PubMed and Google Scholar, using the PICO framework to formulate a precise research question. Inclusion criteria encompassed diverse study designs, focusing on older adults aged 65 years and above, diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or early-stage Alzheimer's disease (AD). Lifestyle interventions targeting cognitive health were compared against standard care or alternative non-pharmacological approaches, with primary outcomes including changes in cognitive function and activities of daily living (ADLs). Objectives: The review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of lifestyle interventions, such as cognitive training, dietary modifications, and physical exercise, in preserving cognitive function and delaying cognitive decline among older adults. Results: The synthesis of evidence revealed significant benefits associated with lifestyle interventions. Dietary patterns rich in antioxidants, anti-inflammatory compounds, and essential fatty acids demonstrated neuroprotective effects and reduced cognitive decline risk. Physical exercise programs and cognitive stimulation interventions also showed promise in maintaining cognitive function. Multimodal approaches, personalized interventions, and long-term follow-ups emerged as key considerations for optimizing outcomes.