K-ras4B and Prenylated Proteins Lacking “Second Signals” Associate Dynamically with Cellular Membranes

Abstract

We have used fluorescence microscopy and the technique of rapamycin-regulated protein heterodimerization to examine the dynamics of the subcellular localizations of fluorescent proteins fused to lipid-modified protein sequences and to wild-type and mutated forms of full-length K-ras4B. Singly prenylated or myristoylated fluorescent protein derivatives lacking a “second signal” to direct them to specific subcellular destinations, but incorporating a rapamycin-dependent heterodimerization module, rapidly translocate to mitochondria upon rapamycin addition to bind to a mitochondrial outer membrane protein incorporating a complementary heterodimerization module. Under the same conditions analogous constructs anchored to the plasma membrane by multiply lipid-modified sequences, or by a transmembrane helix, show very slow or no transfer to mitochondria, respectively. Interestingly, however, fluorescent protein constructs incorporating either full-length K-ras4B or its plasma membrane-targeting sequence alone undergo rapamycin-induced transfer from the plasma membrane to mitochondria on a time scale of minutes, demonstrating the rapidly reversible nature of K-ras4B binding to the plasma membrane. The dynamic nature of the plasma membrane targeting of K-ras4B could contribute to K-ras4B function by facilitating redistribution of the protein between subcellular compartments under particular conditions.