The Interplay of Anemia and Cardiovascular Disease in Pregnant Women and APGAR Scores of their Newborn: A Retrospective Study in Pregnant Women

Abstract

Objectives: The implications of maternal anemia extend beyond the immediate physiological consequences; moreover, the consequences of maternal anemia are not limited to the mother alone. It may lead to low Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, and Respiration (APGAR) scores. It, further, adds up to higher incidence of morbidity rates in neonates. The objective of the study is to assess the prevalence and severity of anemia during pregnancy, to establish a correlation between maternal hemoglobin (Hb) levels and APGAR scores in newborns, and determine the association between cardiovascular disease and severity of anemia. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted at a private medical college in Bareilly from March 2022 to March 2023. The study focused on pregnant females aged 15–49 years who were admitted and delivered within the facilities of the private medical college during this period. Pregnant females with pre-existing chronic conditions affecting Hb levels were excluded from the study. A total of 130 subjects were included in the study, and their Hb levels and APGAR scores at 1 min were considered for analysis. Results: The results show a spearmen rank correlation coefficient (r) = 0.575 between maternal Hb levels and APGAR scores at 1 min, indicating a significant positive relationship (P < 0.05). Infants born to mothers with moderate anemia exhibited the highest prevalence of low APGAR scores (<4), highlighting the potential impact of maternal anemia on immediate neonatal well-being. No significant association was found between cardiovascular diseases in pregnancy and severity of anemia. Conclusion: The findings indicate that the optimization of maternal Hb levels is a critical intervention to ensure a healthier start for the neonate. This study provides a crucial foundation for evidence-based practices in maternal healthcare and neonatal well-being. Focus on improving maternal Hb provides multifaceted benefits both in mothers and neonates.