A Bacterial Multidomain NAD-Independent d -Lactate Dehydrogenase Utilizes Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide and Fe-S Clusters as Cofactors and Quinone as an Electron Acceptor for d -Lactate Oxidization

Abstract

ABSTRACT Bacterial membrane-associated NAD-independent d -lactate dehydrogenase (Fe-S d -iLDH) oxidizes d -lactate into pyruvate. A sequence analysis of the enzyme reveals that it contains an Fe-S oxidoreductase domain in addition to a flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-containing dehydrogenase domain, which differs from other typical d -iLDHs. Fe-S d -iLDH from Pseudomonas putida KT2440 was purified as a His-tagged protein and characterized in detail. This monomeric enzyme exhibited activities with l -lactate and several d -2-hydroxyacids. Quinone was shown to be the preferred electron acceptor of the enzyme. The two domains of the enzyme were then heterologously expressed and purified separately. The Fe-S cluster-binding motifs predicted by sequence alignment were preliminarily verified by site-directed mutagenesis of the Fe-S oxidoreductase domain. The FAD-containing dehydrogenase domain retained 2-hydroxyacid-oxidizing activity, although it decreased compared to the full Fe-S d -iLDH. Compared to the intact enzyme, the FAD-containing dehydrogenase domain showed increased catalytic efficiency with cytochrome c as the electron acceptor, but it completely lost the ability to use coenzyme Q 10 . Additionally, the FAD-containing dehydrogenase domain was no longer associated with the cell membrane, and it could not support the utilization of d -lactate as a carbon source. Based on the results obtained, we conclude that the Fe-S oxidoreductase domain functions as an electron transfer component to facilitate the utilization of quinone as an electron acceptor by Fe-S d -iLDH, and it helps the enzyme associate with the cell membrane. These functions make the Fe-S oxidoreductase domain crucial for the in vivo d -lactate utilization function of Fe-S d -iLDH. IMPORTANCE Lactate metabolism plays versatile roles in most domains of life. Lactate utilization processes depend on certain enzymes to oxidize lactate to pyruvate. In recent years, novel bacterial lactate-oxidizing enzymes have been continually reported, including the unique NAD-independent d -lactate dehydrogenase that contains an Fe-S oxidoreductase domain besides the typical flavin-containing domain (Fe-S d -iLDH). Although Fe-S d -iLDH is widely distributed among bacterial species, the investigation of it is insufficient. Fe-S d -iLDH from Pseudomonas putida KT2440, which is the major d -lactate-oxidizing enzyme for the strain, might be a representative of this type of enzyme. A study of it will be helpful in understanding the detailed mechanisms underlying the lactate utilization processes.