CC Chemokine Ligand 3 (CCL3) Regulates CD8 + -T-Cell Effector Function and Migration following Viral Infection

Abstract

ABSTRACT Chemokines induce the directional migration of targeted populations of leukocytes during periods of inflammation. Moreover, these molecules also regulate T-cell activation and differentiation following antigenic stimulation. In the present study, the contributions of the CC chemokine ligand 3 (CCL3) to the differentiation and migration of effector T cells in response to viral infection of the central nervous system (CNS) were analyzed. CCL3 −/− mice infected with mouse hepatitis virus exhibited a significant reduction of virus-specific CD8 + T cells within the CNS, correlating with delayed viral clearance. Decreased infiltration of CD8 + T cells into infected CCL3 −/− mice was associated with enhanced accumulation of primed CD8 + T cells in cervical lymph nodes. Although virus-specific CD8 + T cells from CCL3 −/− mice were CD44 high , they remained CD62L high and CD25 low , retained CCR7 expression, and contained limited transcripts of the proinflammatory chemokine receptors CCR5 and CXCR3 compared with virus-specific CD8 + T cells from CCL3 +/+ mice. Furthermore, the absence of CCL3 impaired the cytokine production and cytolytic activity of CD8 + T cells. In addition, macrophage accumulation within the CNS was significantly decreased in infected CCL3 −/− mice, correlating with reduced demyelination. These results suggest that CCL3 not only mediates macrophage chemotaxis but also significantly enhances differentiation of primed CD8 + T cells into effector cells and their release into circulation, thus potentiating effective migration to the site of infection.