NB2001, a Novel Antibacterial Agent with Broad-Spectrum Activity and Enhanced Potency against β-Lactamase-Producing Strains

Abstract

ABSTRACT Enzyme-catalyzed therapeutic activation (ECTA) is a novel prodrug strategy to overcome drug resistance resulting from enzyme overexpression. β-Lactamase overexpression is a common mechanism of bacterial resistance to β-lactam antibiotics. We present here the results for one of the β-lactamase ECTA compounds, NB2001, which consists of the antibacterial agent triclosan in a prodrug form with a cephalosporin scaffold. Unlike conventional β-lactam antibiotics, where hydrolysis of the β-lactam ring inactivates the antibiotic, hydrolysis of NB2001 by β-lactamase releases triclosan. Evidence supporting the proposed mechanism is as follows. (i) NB2001 is a substrate for TEM-1 β-lactamase, forming triclosan with a second-order rate constant ( k cat / K m ) of greater than 77,000 M −1 s −1 . (ii) Triclosan is detected in NB2001-treated, β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli but not in E. coli that does not express β-lactamase. (iii) NB2001 activity against β-lactamase-producing E. coli is decreased in the presence of the β-lactamase inhibitor clavulanic acid. NB2001 was similar to or more potent than reference antibiotics against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus (including MRSA), Staphylococcus epidermidis , Streptococcus pneumoniae , vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis , Moraxella catarrhalis and Haemophilus influenza e. NB2001 is also active against Klebsiella pneumoniae , Enterobacter aerogenes , and Enterobacter cloacae . The results indicate that NB2001 is a potent, broad-spectrum antibacterial agent and demonstrate the potential of ECTA in overcoming β-lactamase-mediated resistance.