Insight into Bacterial Phosphotransferase System-Mediated Signaling by Interspecies Transplantation of a Transcriptional Regulator

Abstract

ABSTRACT The bacterial sugar:phosphotransferase system (PTS) delivers phosphoryl groups via proteins EI and HPr to the EII sugar transporters. The antitermination protein LicT controls β-glucoside utilization in Bacillus subtilis and belongs to a family of bacterial transcriptional regulators that are antagonistically controlled by PTS-catalyzed phosphorylations at two homologous PTS regulation domains (PRDs). LicT is inhibited by phosphorylation of PRD1, which is mediated by the β-glucoside transporter EII Bgl . Phosphorylation of PRD2 is catalyzed by HPr and stimulates LicT activity. Here, we report that LicT, when artificially expressed in the nonrelated bacterium Escherichia coli , is likewise phosphorylated at both PRDs, but the phosphoryl group donors differ. Surprisingly, E. coli HPr phosphorylates PRD1 rather than PRD2, while the stimulatory phosphorylation of PRD2 is carried out by the HPr homolog NPr. This demonstrates that subtle differences in the interaction surface of HPr can switch its affinities toward the PRDs. NPr transfers phosphoryl groups from EI Ntr to EIIA Ntr . Together these proteins form the paralogous PTS Ntr , which controls the activity of K + transporters in response to unknown signals. This is achieved by binding of dephosphorylated EIIA Ntr to other proteins. We generated LicT mutants that were controlled either negatively by HPr or positively by NPr and were suitable bio-bricks, in order to monitor or to couple gene expression to the phosphorylation states of these two proteins. With the aid of these tools, we identified the stringent starvation protein SspA as a regulator of EIIA Ntr phosphorylation, indicating that PTS Ntr represents a stress-related system in E. coli .