1. Former Chair of the American Academy of Microbiology Committee of Governors, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
2. Chair of Steering Committee of Workshop on Impact Assessment of Research on Infectious Agents, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
3. Director of the American Academy of Microbiology, American Society for Microbiology, Washington, USA
4. Chair of the American Academy of Microbiology Committee of Governors, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA