1. M. Malpighi,Microscopical Anatomy, University of Bologna, University of Pisa, University of Messina, chief physician to Pope Innocent XII at Rome, 1628–1694.
2. H. L. F. von Helmholtz,Handbook of Physiological Optics(1867).
3. A. J. Desormeaux, inventor of first effective endoscope, 1853.
4. CYSTOSCOPY OF THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY