Shock compression experiments using the DiPOLE 100-X laser on the high energy density instrument at the European x-ray free electron laser: Quantitative structural analysis of liquid Sn

Author:

Gorman M. G.1ORCID,McGonegle D.2ORCID,Smith R. F.1ORCID,Singh S.1ORCID,Jenkins T.3ORCID,McWilliams R. S.3ORCID,Albertazzi B.4,Ali S. J.1ORCID,Antonelli L.5ORCID,Armstrong M. R.1ORCID,Baehtz C.6ORCID,Ball O. B.3ORCID,Banerjee S.7ORCID,Belonoshko A. B.8,Benuzzi-Mounaix A.4,Bolme C. A.9ORCID,Bouffetier V.10,Briggs R.1ORCID,Buakor K.10ORCID,Butcher T.7,Di Dio Cafiso S.6,Cerantola V.11,Chantel J.12ORCID,Di Cicco A.13ORCID,Clarke S.1ORCID,Coleman A. L.1ORCID,Collier J.7ORCID,Collins G. W.14ORCID,Comley A. J.2ORCID,Coppari F.1ORCID,Cowan T. E.6ORCID,Cristoforetti G.15ORCID,Cynn H.1ORCID,Descamps A.16ORCID,Dorchies F.17ORCID,Duff M. J.3,Dwivedi A.10ORCID,Edwards C.7,Eggert J. H.1ORCID,Errandonea D.18ORCID,Fiquet G.19ORCID,Galtier E.20ORCID,Laso Garcia A.6ORCID,Ginestet H.12ORCID,Gizzi L.21ORCID,Gleason A.20ORCID,Goede S.10,Gonzalez J. M.22ORCID,Harmand M.12ORCID,Hartley N. J.20ORCID,Heighway P. G.23ORCID,Hernandez-Gomez C.7ORCID,Higginbotham A.5ORCID,Höppner H.6ORCID,Husband R. J.24ORCID,Hutchinson T. M.1ORCID,Hwang H.24,Lazicki A. E.1ORCID,Keen D. A.25ORCID,Kim J.26ORCID,Koester P.15ORCID,Konopkova Z.10ORCID,Kraus D.26ORCID,Krygier A.1ORCID,Labate L.15ORCID,Lee Y.27ORCID,Liermann H.-P.24ORCID,Mason P.7ORCID,Masruri M.6ORCID,Massani B.3,McBride E. E.16ORCID,McGuire C.1,McHardy J. D.3ORCID,Merkel S.12ORCID,Morard G.28ORCID,Nagler B.20ORCID,Nakatsutsumi M.10ORCID,Nguyen-Cong K.22ORCID,Norton A.-M.5ORCID,Oleynik I. I.22ORCID,Otzen C.29ORCID,Ozaki N.30ORCID,Pandolfi S.19ORCID,Peake D. J.23,Pelka A.6,Pereira K. A.31,Phillips J. P.7ORCID,Prescher C.29ORCID,Preston T. R.10ORCID,Randolph L.10ORCID,Ranjan D.26ORCID,Ravasio A.4,Redmer R.32ORCID,Rips J.32ORCID,Santamaria-Perez D.18ORCID,Savage D. J.9ORCID,Schoelmerich M.33,Schwinkendorf J.-P.6ORCID,Smith J.7ORCID,Sollier A.3ORCID,Spear J.7,Spindloe C.7ORCID,Stevenson M.32ORCID,Strohm C.24ORCID,Suer T.-A.14,Tang M.24,Toncian M.6ORCID,Toncian T.6ORCID,Tracy S. J.34,Trapananti A.13ORCID,Tschentscher T.10ORCID,Tyldesley M.7,Vennari C. E.1,Vinci T.4ORCID,Vogel S. C.9ORCID,Volz T. J.1ORCID,Vorberger J.6ORCID,Walsh J. P. S.31ORCID,Wark J. S.23ORCID,Willman J. T.22,Wollenweber L.10ORCID,Zastrau U.10ORCID,Brambrink E.10ORCID,Appel K.10ORCID,McMahon M. I.3ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 1 , Livermore, California 94550, USA

2. Atomic Weapons Establishment (AWE) 2 , Aldermaston, Reading, RG7 4PR, United Kingdom

3. SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, The University of Edinburgh 3 , Edinburgh EH9 3FD, United Kingdom

4. Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, Laboratoire pour l’utilisation des lasers intenses (LULI), CNRS UMR 7605 4 , Route de Saclay, 91128 PALAISEAU Cedex, France

5. University of York, School of Physics, Engineering and Technology 5 , Heslington York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom

6. Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR) 6 , Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany

7. Central Laser Facility (CLF), STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus 7 , Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom

8. Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University 8 , Nanjing 210023, China

9. Los Alamos National Laboratory 9 , Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA

10. European XFEL 10 , Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany

11. Università degli Studi di Milano Bicocca, Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Ambiente e della Terra 11 , Piazza della Scienza 1e4, I-20126 Milano, Italy

12. Univ. Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207—UMET—Unité Matériaux et Transformations 12 , F-59000 Lille, France

13. School of Science and Technology—Physics Division, University of Camerino 13 , 62032 Camerino, Italy

14. University of Rochester, Laboratory for Laser Energetics (LLE) 14 , 250 East River Road, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA

15. CNR - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, (CNR—INO) 15 , Largo Enrico Fermi 6, 50125 Firenze FI, Italy

16. School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen’s University Belfast 16 , University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom

17. Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA, UMR 5107 17 , F-33400 Talence, France

18. Universidad de Valencia—UV, Departamento de Fisica Aplicada—ICMUV 18 , C/Dr. Moliner 50 Burjassot, E-46100 Valencia, Spain

19. Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, UMR CNRS 7590 19 , Insitut de Minéralogie, de Physique, des Matériaux, et de Cosmochinie, IMPMC, Paris 75005, France

20. SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 20 , 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA

21. CNR—Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, (CNR—INO) 21 , Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy

22. Department of Physics, University of South Florida 22 , Tampa, Florida 33620, USA

23. Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford 24 , Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom

24. Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY 25 , Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany

25. ISIS Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus 26 , Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom

26. Hanyang University, Department of Physics 27 , 17 Haengdang dong, Seongdong gu Seoul 133-791, Korea, South Korea

27. Yonsei University, Department of Earth System Sciences 29 , 50 Yonsei-ro Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea, South Korea

28. Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, IRD, Univ. Gustave Eiffel, ISTerre 30 , 38000 Grenoble, France

29. Institut für Geo- und Umweltnaturwissenschaften, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg 31 , Hermann-Herder-Straße 5, 79104 Freiburg, Germany

30. Osaka University, Graduate School of Engineering 32 , 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan

31. University of Massachusetts Amherst, Department of Chemistry 33 , 690 N Pleasant St Physical Sciences Building, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9303, USA

32. Universität Rostock, Institut für Physik 28 , D-18051 Rostock, Germany

33. Paul Scherrer Institut 34 , Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland

34. Carnegie Science, Earth and Planets Laboratory 37 , 5241 Broad Branch Road, NW, Washington, DC 20015, USA

Abstract

X-ray free electron laser (XFEL) sources coupled to high-power laser systems offer an avenue to study the structural dynamics of materials at extreme pressures and temperatures. The recent commissioning of the DiPOLE 100-X laser on the high energy density (HED) instrument at the European XFEL represents the state-of-the-art in combining x-ray diffraction with laser compression, allowing for compressed materials to be probed in unprecedented detail. Here, we report quantitative structural measurements of molten Sn compressed to 85(5) GPa and ∼3500 K. The capabilities of the HED instrument enable liquid density measurements with an uncertainty of ∼1% at conditions which are extremely challenging to reach via static compression methods. We discuss best practices for conducting liquid diffraction dynamic compression experiments and the necessary intensity corrections which allow for accurate quantitative analysis. We also provide a polyimide ablation pressure vs input laser energy for the DiPOLE 100-X drive laser which will serve future users of the HED instrument.

Funder

U.S. Department of Energy

UK Research and Innovation

Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council

Atomic Weapons Establishment

Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación

Generalitat Valenciana

Fusion Energy Sciences

European Research Council

Publisher

AIP Publishing

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