Sustainable aquaculture from students’ perspectives

Author:

Krešić Greta1ORCID,Dujmić Elena1ORCID,Pleadin Jelka2ORCID,Liović Nikolina1

Affiliation:

1. University of Rijeka, Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality Management

2. Croatian Veterinary Institute

Abstract

Due to its nutritional value and health benefits, regular consumption of fish should be encouraged at all stages of life. Considering the fact that the majority of the world’s marine fish stocks are being exploited, aquaculture is the only way to ensure an adequate supply. Aquaculture production should be sustainable and it should integrate environmental, social, and economic dimensions. Students, as a valuable segment of consumers, are future decision-makers in society and can contribute to sustainable development as agents of change. In this study, 224 students from the University of Rijeka (68 males and 156 females) with an average age of 21.5±1.4 years were included. The aim of this study was to obtain information about the most important aspects of sustainable aquaculture from their point of view. Descriptive statistics was used to analyse the sample characteristics, while statistical significance difference between males and females was computed using an independent t-test and Pearson’s chi-square test. The obtained results confirmed that the most important features of sustainable aquaculture were: minimal use of hormones and drugs, no environmental pollution, and production close to nature. Female participants consider more important protection of endangered species (p=0.04) and respect for fish welfare (p=0.01), while male participants are much more aware of supporting rural areas (p=0.04) and low technical level in production (p=0.04). Quality also emerged as an important component in an open-ended question, together with environmental factors. Furthermore, there is an opportunity to enhance students’ interest in eco-labels, since it did not receive very high importance among this student group (3.60 ± 1.20 and 3.82 ± 0.90). In the future, nutrition education provided by institutions could be an important tool in preparing future generations for sustainable society.

Publisher

Faculty of Food Technology Osijek

Reference4 articles.

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EFSA Journal 12 (7), 3761. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3761European Commission (2003): Directive 2003/74/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2003 amending Council Directive 96/22/EC concerning the prohibition on the use in stockfarming of certain substances having a hormonal or thyrostatic action and of beta-agonists, Official Journal of the European Union L 262, 17-21.European Commission (2012): Blue Growth: Opportunities for Marine and Maritime Sustainable Growth - Communication, 494. European Commission, Directorate-General for Maritime Affairs and Fisheries (2014): A pocket guide to the EU's new fish and aquaculture consumer labels, Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.European Commission (2019): Regulation (EU) 2019/6 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on veterinary medicinal products and repealing Directive 2001/82/EC, Official Journal of the European Union L 4, 43-167. European Commission (2021): A new approach for a sustainable blue economy in the EU: Transforming the EU's Blue Economy for a Sustainable Future - Communication, 240.FAO (2022): The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2022. Towards Blue Transformation. Rome, Italy: FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc0461enFerfolja, M., Cerjak, M., Matulić, D., Tomić Maksan, M. (2022): Consumer knowledge and perception about fresh fish from organic farming in Croatia. Croatian Journal of Fisheries 80 (1), 7-16. https://doi.org/10.2478/cjf-2022-0002Gibson, K.E., Sanders, C.E., Byrd, A.R., Lamm, K.W., Lamm, A.J. (2023): The Influence of Sustainability on Identities and Seafood Consumption: Implications for Food Systems Education for Generation Z. Foods 12 (10), 1933. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12101933Hall, T.E., Amberg, S.M. (2013): Factors influencing consumption of farmed seafood products in the Pacific northwest. Appetite 66, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2013.02.012Krešić, G., Dujmić, E., Lončarić, D., Buneta, A., Liović, N., Zrnčić, S., Pleadin, J. (2020): Factors affecting consumers' preferences for products from aquaculture. Croatian Journal of Food Science and Technology 12 (2), 287-295. https://doi.org/10.17508/CJFST.2020.12.2.17 Krešić, G., Dujmić, E., Lončarić, D., Zrnčić, S., Liović, N., Pleadin, J. (2022a): Fish Consumption: Influence of Knowledge, Product Information, and Satisfaction with Product Attributes. Nutrients 14 (13), 2691. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14132691 Krešić, G., Dujmić, E., Lončarić, D., Zrnčić, S., Liović, N., Pleadin, J. (2022b): Profiling of Croatian Consumers Based on Their Intention to Consume Farmed Fish. Foods 11 (14), 2158. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11142158Krešić, G., Dujmić, E., Lončarić, D., Zrnčić, S., Liović, N., Pleadin, J. (2023): Determinants of white and fatty fish consumption by Croatian and Italian consumers. British Food Journal 125 (6), 2157-2175. https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-01-2022-0088Lawley, M., Craig, J.F., Dean, D., Birch, D. (2019): The role of seafood sustainability knowledge in seafood purchase decisions. British Food Journal 121 (10), 2337-2350. https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-08-2018-0513López-Mas, L., Claret, A., Reinders, M.J., Banovic, M., Krystallis, A., Guerrero, L. (2021): Farmed or wild fish? Segmenting European consumers based on their beliefs. Aquaculture 532, 735992. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735992López‑Mas, L., Claret, A., Arvisenet, G., del Castillo, R.R., Kallas, Z., Zuccaro, M., Guerrero, L. (2023): European consumers' beliefs about the main pillars of the sustainability: a comparison between wild and farmed fsh. Aquaculture International 31 (4), 2035-2055. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-023-01070-2Maesano, G., Di Vita, G., Chinnici, G., Pappalardo, G., D'Amico, M. (2020): The Role of Credence Attributes in Consumer Choices of Sustainable Fish Products: A Review. Sustainability 12 (23), 10008. https://doi.org/10.3390/su122310008Mair, G.C., Halwart, M., Derun, Y., Costa-Pierce B.A. (2023): A decadal outlook for global aquaculture. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 54 (2), 196-205. https://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.12977Marinac Pupavac, S., Kenđel Jovanović, G., Linšak, Ž., Glad, M., Traven, L., Pavičić Žeželj, S. (2022): The influence on fish and seafood consumption, and the attitudes and reasons for its consumption in the Croatian population. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 6, 945186. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2022.945186Naylor, R. L. (2021): A 20-year retrospective review of global aquaculture. Nature 591, 551-563. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03308-6Osmundsen, T.C., Amundsen, V.S., Alexander, K.A., Asche, F., Bailey, J., Finstad, B., Olsen, M.S., Hernández, K., Salgado, H. (2020): The operationalisation of sustainability: Sustainable aquaculture production as defined by certification schemes. Global Environmental Change 60, 102025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2019.102025Peano C., Merlino, V.M., Sottile, F., Borra, D., Massaglia, S. (2019): Sustainability for Food Consumers: Which Perception? Sustainability 11 (21), 5955. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11215955Potts, T., Pita, C., O'Higgins, T., Mee, L. (2016): Who cares? European attitudes towards marine and coastal environments. Marine Policy 72, 59-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2016.06.012Randler, C., Adan, A., Antofie, M.-M., Arrona-Palacios, A., Candido, M., Boeve-de Pauw, J., Chandrakar, P., Demirhan, E., Detsis, V., Di Milia, L., et al. (2021a): Animal Welfare Attitudes: Effects of Gender and Diet in University Samples from 22 Countries. Animals 11 (7), 1893. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11071893 Randler, C., Ballouard, J.M., Bonnet, X., Chandrakar, P., Pati, A.K, Medina-Jerez, W., Pande, B., Sahu, S. (2021b): Attitudes Toward Animal Welfare Among Adolescents from Colombia, France, Germany, and India. Anthrozoös 34 (3), 359-374. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927936.2021.1898212 Richter, I.G., Klöckner, C.A. (2017): The Psychology of Sustainable Seafood Consumption: A Comprehensive Approach. Foods 6 (10), 86. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods6100086 Risius, A., Janssen, M., Hamm, U. (2017): Consumer preferences for sustainable aquaculture products: Evidence from in-depth interviews, think aloud protocols and choice experiments. Apettite 113, 246-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2017.02.021Solgaard, H.S., Yang, Y. (2011): Consumers' perception of farmed fish and willingness to pay for fish welfare. British Food Journal 113 (8), 997-1010. https://doi.org/10.1108/00070701111153751Stancu, V., Brunsø, K., Krystallis, A., Guerrero, L., Cruz, E.S., Peral, I. (2022): European consumer segments with a high potential for accepting new innovative fish products based on their food-related lifestyle. Food Quality and Preference 99, 104560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2022.104560Su, C.-H., Tsai, C.-H., Chen, M.-H., Lv, W.Q. (2019): U.S. Sustainable Food Market Generation Z Consumer Segments. Sustainability 11 (13), 3607. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11133607Tomić, M., Kovačićek, T., Matulić, D. (2016a): Attitudes as basis for segmenting Croatian fresh fish consumers. New Medit 15 (4), 63-71.Tomić, M., Matulić, D., Jelić, M. (2016b): What determines fresh fish consumption in Croatia? Appetite 106, 13-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.12.019Tomić, M., Lucević, Z., Tomljanović, T., Matulić, D. (2017): Wild-caught versus farmed fish - consumer perception. Croatian Journal of Fisheries 75 (2), 41-50. https://doi.org/10.1515/cjf-2017-0007Troell, M., Costa-Pierce, B., Stead, S., Cottrell, R.S., Brugere, C., Farmery, A.K., Little, D.C., Strand, Å., Pullin, R., Soto, D., et al. (2023): Perspectives on aquaculture's contribution to the Sustainable Development Goals for improved human and planetary health. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 54 (2), 251-342. https://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.12946UN (2015): Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for sustainable development. https://sdgs.un.org/2030agendavan Bussel, L.M., Kuijsten, A., Mars, M., van 't Veer, P. (2022): Consumers' perceptions on food-related sustainability: A systematic review. Journal of Cleaner Production 341, 130904. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130904Wongprawmas, R., Sogaria, G., Gai, F., Parisi, G., Menozzi, D., Mora, C. (2022): How information influences consumers' perception and purchasing intention for farmed and wild fish. Aquaculture 547, 737504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737504Yi, S. (2019): Determinants of consumers' purchasing behaviour for certified aquaculture products in South Korea. Sustainability 11 (14), 3840. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11143840Zander, K., Feucht, Y. (2018): Consumers' Willingness to Pay for Sustainable Seafood Made in Europe. Journal of International Food &

3. Alfnes, F., Chen, X., Rickertsen, K. (2018): Labeling farmed seafood: A review. Aquaculture Economics & Management 22 (1), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1080/13657305.2017.1356398Boyd, C.E., D'Abramo, L.R., Glencross, B.D., Huyben, D.C., Juarez, L.M., Lockwood, G.S., McNevin, A.A., Tacon, A.G.J., Teletchea, F., Tomasso, J.R., Tucker, C.S., Valenti, W.C. (2020): Achieving sustainable aquaculture: Historical and current perspectives and future needs and challenges. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 51 (3), 578-633. https://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.12714Bronnmann, J., Asche, F. (2017): Sustainable Seafood From Aquaculture and Wild Fisheries: Insights From a Discrete Choice Experiment in Germany. Ecological Economics 142, 113-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.06.005Campos, S., Doxey, J., Hammond, D. (2011): Nutrition labels on pre-packaged foods: A systematic review. Public Health Nutrition 14 (8), 1496-1506. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980010003290 Cantillo, J., Martín, J., Román, C. (2020): Discrete choice experiments in the analysis of consumers' preferences for finfish products: A systematic literature review. Food Quality and Preference 84, 103952. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2020.103952Cantillo, J., Martín, J.C., Román, C. (2021): Assessing the label's mandatory information for fishery and aquaculture products in the EU28. A consumer approach based on a consistent fuzzy preference relation with geometric Bonferroni mean. Marine Policy 128, 104515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2021.104515Cavallo, M., Pérez Agúndez, J.A., Raux, P., Frangoudes, K. (2021): Is existing legislation supporting socially acceptable aquaculture in the European Union? A transversal analysis of France, Italy and Spain. Reviews in Aquaculture 13 (3), 1683-1694. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12540Christoph, M., An, R., Ellison, B. (2016): Correlates of nutrition label use among college students and young adults: A review. Public Health Nutrition 19 (12), 2135-2148. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980015003183 Clark, B., Stewart, G.B., Panzone, L.A., Kyriazakis, I., Frewer, L.J. (2016): A systematic review of public attitudes, perceptions and behaviours towards production diseases associated with farm animal welfare. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 29, 455-478. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10806-016-9615-x EFSA (2014): Scientific Opinion on health benefits of seafood (fish and shellfish) consumption in relation to health risks associated with exposure to methylmercury. EFSA Journal 12 (7), 3761. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3761European Commission (2003): Directive 2003/74/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2003 amending Council Directive 96/22/EC concerning the prohibition on the use in stockfarming of certain substances having a hormonal or thyrostatic action and of beta-agonists, Official Journal of the European Union L 262, 17-21.European Commission (2012): Blue Growth: Opportunities for Marine and Maritime Sustainable Growth - Communication, 494. European Commission, Directorate-General for Maritime Affairs and Fisheries (2014): A pocket guide to the EU's new fish and aquaculture consumer labels, Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.European Commission (2019): Regulation

4. (EU) 2019/6 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on veterinary medicinal products and repealing Directive 2001/82/EC, Official Journal of the European Union L 4, 43-167. European Commission (2021): A new approach for a sustainable blue economy in the EU: Transforming the EU's Blue Economy for a Sustainable Future - Communication, 240.FAO (2022): The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2022. Towards Blue Transformation. Rome, Italy: FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc0461enFerfolja, M., Cerjak, M., Matulić, D., Tomić Maksan, M. (2022): Consumer knowledge and perception about fresh fish from organic farming in Croatia. Croatian Journal of Fisheries 80 (1), 7-16. https://doi.org/10.2478/cjf-2022-0002Gibson, K.E., Sanders, C.E., Byrd, A.R., Lamm, K.W., Lamm, A.J. (2023): The Influence of Sustainability on Identities and Seafood Consumption: Implications for Food Systems Education for Generation Z. Foods 12 (10), 1933. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12101933Hall, T.E., Amberg, S.M. (2013): Factors influencing consumption of farmed seafood products in the Pacific northwest. Appetite 66, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2013.02.012Krešić, G., Dujmić, E., Lončarić, D., Buneta, A., Liović, N., Zrnčić, S., Pleadin, J. (2020): Factors affecting consumers' preferences for products from aquaculture. Croatian Journal of Food Science and Technology 12 (2), 287-295. https://doi.org/10.17508/CJFST.2020.12.2.17 Krešić, G., Dujmić, E., Lončarić, D., Zrnčić, S., Liović, N., Pleadin, J. (2022a): Fish Consumption: Influence of Knowledge, Product Information, and Satisfaction with Product Attributes. Nutrients 14 (13), 2691. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14132691 Krešić, G., Dujmić, E., Lončarić, D., Zrnčić, S., Liović, N., Pleadin, J. (2022b): Profiling of Croatian Consumers Based on Their Intention to Consume Farmed Fish. Foods 11 (14), 2158. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11142158Krešić, G., Dujmić, E., Lončarić, D., Zrnčić, S., Liović, N., Pleadin, J. (2023): Determinants of white and fatty fish consumption by Croatian and Italian consumers. British Food Journal 125 (6), 2157-2175. https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-01-2022-0088Lawley, M., Craig, J.F., Dean, D., Birch, D. (2019): The role of seafood sustainability knowledge in seafood purchase decisions. British Food Journal 121 (10), 2337-2350. https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-08-2018-0513López-Mas, L., Claret, A., Reinders, M.J., Banovic, M., Krystallis, A., Guerrero, L. (2021): Farmed or wild fish? Segmenting European consumers based on their beliefs. Aquaculture 532, 735992. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735992López‑Mas, L., Claret, A., Arvisenet, G., del Castillo, R.R., Kallas, Z., Zuccaro, M., Guerrero, L. (2023): European consumers' beliefs about the main pillars of the sustainability: a comparison between wild and farmed fsh. Aquaculture International 31 (4), 2035-2055. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-023-01070-2Maesano, G., Di Vita, G., Chinnici, G., Pappalardo, G., D'Amico, M. (2020): The Role of Credence Attributes in Consumer Choices of Sustainable Fish Products: A Review. Sustainability 12 (23), 10008. https://doi.org/10.3390/su122310008Mair, G.C., Halwart, M., Derun, Y., Costa-Pierce B.A. (2023): A decadal outlook for global aquaculture. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 54 (2), 196-205. https://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.12977Marinac Pupavac, S., Kenđel Jovanović, G., Linšak, Ž., Glad, M., Traven, L., Pavičić Žeželj, S. (2022): The influence on fish and seafood consumption, and the attitudes and reasons for its consumption in the Croatian population. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 6, 945186. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2022.945186Naylor, R. L. (2021): A 20-year retrospective review of global aquaculture. Nature 591, 551-563. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03308-6Osmundsen, T.C., Amundsen, V.S., Alexander, K.A., Asche, F., Bailey, J., Finstad, B., Olsen, M.S., Hernández, K., Salgado, H. (2020): The operationalisation of sustainability: Sustainable aquaculture production as defined by certification schemes. Global Environmental Change 60, 102025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2019.102025Peano C., Merlino, V.M., Sottile, F., Borra, D., Massaglia, S. (2019): Sustainability for Food Consumers: Which Perception? Sustainability 11 (21), 5955. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11215955Potts, T., Pita, C., O'Higgins, T., Mee, L. (2016): Who cares? European attitudes towards marine and coastal environments. Marine Policy 72, 59-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2016.06.012Randler, C., Adan, A., Antofie, M.-M., Arrona-Palacios, A., Candido, M., Boeve-de Pauw, J., Chandrakar, P., Demirhan, E., Detsis, V., Di Milia, L., et al. (2021a): Animal Welfare Attitudes: Effects of Gender and Diet in University Samples from 22 Countries. Animals 11 (7), 1893. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11071893 Randler, C., Ballouard, J.M., Bonnet, X., Chandrakar, P., Pati, A.K, Medina-Jerez, W., Pande, B., Sahu, S. (2021b): Attitudes Toward Animal Welfare Among Adolescents from Colombia, France, Germany, and India. Anthrozoös 34 (3), 359-374. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927936.2021.1898212 Richter, I.G., Klöckner, C.A. (2017): The Psychology of Sustainable Seafood Consumption: A Comprehensive Approach. Foods 6 (10), 86. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods6100086 Risius, A., Janssen, M., Hamm, U. (2017): Consumer preferences for sustainable aquaculture products: Evidence from in-depth interviews, think aloud protocols and choice experiments. Apettite 113, 246-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2017.02.021Solgaard, H.S., Yang, Y. (2011): Consumers' perception of farmed fish and willingness to pay for fish welfare. British Food Journal 113 (8), 997-1010. https://doi.org/10.1108/00070701111153751Stancu, V., Brunsø, K., Krystallis, A., Guerrero, L., Cruz, E.S., Peral, I. (2022): European consumer segments with a high potential for accepting new innovative fish products based on their food-related lifestyle. Food Quality and Preference 99, 104560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2022.104560Su, C.-H., Tsai, C.-H., Chen, M.-H., Lv, W.Q. (2019): U.S. Sustainable Food Market Generation Z Consumer Segments. Sustainability 11 (13), 3607. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11133607Tomić, M., Kovačićek, T., Matulić, D. (2016a): Attitudes as basis for segmenting Croatian fresh fish consumers. New Medit 15 (4), 63-71.Tomić, M., Matulić, D., Jelić, M. (2016b): What determines fresh fish consumption in Croatia? Appetite 106, 13-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.12.019Tomić, M., Lucević, Z., Tomljanović, T., Matulić, D. (2017): Wild-caught versus farmed fish - consumer perception. Croatian Journal of Fisheries 75 (2), 41-50. https://doi.org/10.1515/cjf-2017-0007Troell, M., Costa-Pierce, B., Stead, S., Cottrell, R.S., Brugere, C., Farmery, A.K., Little, D.C., Strand, Å., Pullin, R., Soto, D., et al. (2023): Perspectives on aquaculture's contribution to the Sustainable Development Goals for improved human and planetary health. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 54 (2), 251-342. https://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.12946UN (2015): Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for sustainable development. https://sdgs.un.org/2030agendavan Bussel, L.M., Kuijsten, A., Mars, M., van 't Veer, P. (2022): Consumers' perceptions on food-related sustainability: A systematic review. Journal of Cleaner Production 341, 130904. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130904Wongprawmas, R., Sogaria, G., Gai, F., Parisi, G., Menozzi, D., Mora, C. (2022): How information influences consumers' perception and purchasing intention for farmed and wild fish. Aquaculture 547, 737504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737504Yi, S. (2019): Determinants of consumers' purchasing behaviour for certified aquaculture products in South Korea. Sustainability 11 (14), 3840. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11143840Zander, K., Feucht, Y. (2018): Consumers' Willingness to Pay for Sustainable Seafood Made in Europe. Journal of International Food & Agribusiness Marketing 30 (3), 251-275. https://doi.org/10.1080/08974438.2017.1413611

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