The Management of Drug-Influenced Gingival Enlargement

Abstract

Introduction Drug-influenced gingival enlargement (DIGE) is a reaction to specific medications, namely phenytoin, ciclosporin and calcium channel blockers. DIGE is encountered increasingly in clinical practice due to the widespread use of calcium channel blocker drugs particularly. Approaches to its management are discussed in this review. Methods Narrative review of the literature and discussion of clinical implications. Findings Management of DIGE involves nonsurgical treatment and may require surgical reduction of the overgrown gingival tissues. Management is complicated by the difficulties in achieving adequate plaque control, given the unfavourable contour of the enlarged gingival tissues, and the high frequency of recurrence of DIGE after surgical management. Replacing the drug involved can be very beneficial in selected cases, but the management of the underlying medical condition limits its application. The decision to replace a drug is not the responsibility of the dental practitioner, but the patient's physician may make it after consultation. Conclusions Management of DIGE can be challenging and may require close co-operation between the dental practitioner and a hygienist, a periodontist and the patient's physician. Long term supportive maintenance programmes need to be in place for optimal outcomes.