AbstractThe purpose of this chapter is to examine calls for fundamental structural change in the institutions that regulate international trade, in the light of the current acrimony between environmental activists and the largely governmental agencies engaged in the ongoing process of liberalizing trade. Four environmental trade cases are discussed: the shrimp and sea turtle case; and the gasoline, tuna, and beef hormone cases. The chapter concludes with some practical guidance on how domestic environmental policies could be developed that face a reduced risk of conflict with member obligations under the World Trade Organization.