AbstractThis chapter first addresses three issues tied closely to the management of highly mobile insects such as fruit flies through environmental manipulation: (i) how do fruit flies perceive the environment we intend to manipulate?; (ii) how do these insects use the resources available to them in variable environments?; and (iii) at what spatial scale do we want to manipulate the environment? A review is then conducted of the most relevant publications on topics such as the biotic and abiotic factors that influence female and male behaviour in natural habitats and agroecosystems (fruit orchards), the effect of fruiting phenology on fruit-fly attack (and the possibility of manipulating it), and the variability in susceptibility to the attack by fruit flies of various hosts and cultivars thereof. Another review is conducted on fly responses to visual and chemical cues, including traps, as these monitoring and control tools end up forming a critical part of the environment in which adult flies live, frequently altering it in significant ways. Based on this information, the chapter is concluded by reviewing the few published cases of fruit fly management through environmental manipulation and by sharing ideas and future scenarios on this topic in the areas of agroecosystem and orchard design (e.g. the possibility of fostering colonial spider webs, an old idea of one of Ron's students (Jorge Hendrichs)), trap cropping, interception using traps, possible use of repellent plants, combined strategies such as push-pull and bait stations and chemical environment manipulation, as this strategy has been applied successfully to control other tree-fruit pests. Environmental manipulation schemes tailored to the needs of contrasting types of growers: small or big, rich or poor, technologically advanced or subsistence and conventional or organic are also discussed.