Binding Energies and Vibrational Spectral Features of S n Species on Amorphous Water-ice Mantles: A Quantum Mechanical Study

Author:

Perrero JessicaORCID,Beitia-Antero LeireORCID,Fuente AsunciónORCID,Ugliengo PieroORCID,Rimola AlbertORCID

Abstract

Abstract In the denser and colder regions of the interstellar medium (ISM), gas-phase sulfur is depleted by 2 or 3 orders of magnitude with respect to its cosmic abundance. Thus, which species are the main carriers of sulfur is an open question. Recent studies have proposed S n species as potential sulfur reservoirs. Among the various sulfur allotropes, the most stable one is the S8 ring, detected in the asteroid Ryugu and Orgueil meteorite. Shorter species, namely S3 and S4, have been found in the comet 67P/C-G, but their presence in the ISM remains elusive. In this study, we compute the binding energies (BEs) of S n (n = 1–8) species on an amorphous water-ice surface model and analyze their infrared (IR) and Raman spectral features to provide data for their identification in the ISM. Our computations reveal that these species exhibit lower BEs than previously assumed and that their spectral features experience minimal shifts when adsorbed on water ice, because of the weak and nonspecific S n –ice interactions. Furthermore, these species display very low IR band intensities and, therefore, very accurate instruments operating in the mid-IR range are required for detecting the presence of these species in dense interstellar environments.

Funder

H2020 Excellent science

EC ∣ ERC ∣ HORIZON EUROPE European Research Council

Agenzia Spaziale Italiana

Ministero dell'Università e della Ricerca

Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación

Publisher

American Astronomical Society

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