Orbital- and Spin-phase Variability in the X-Ray Emission from the Accreting Pulsar Centaurus X-3

Abstract

Abstract We present a time-resolved analysis using 39 ks NuSTAR observation data of the X-ray pulsar Centaurus X-3, covering an orbital-phase interval of Φ = 0.199–0.414. The orbital- and spin-phase variabilities are investigated through time-resolved spectra, light curves, and pulse profiles. The orbital-phase variability was due to the mixture of two comparable effects: intrinsic flux variability of ∼10% and obscuration by the clumpy stellar wind. The typical size and number density of the clumps are ∼9 × 1010 cm and ∼3 × 1012 cm−3, respectively. In the spin-phase-resolved analysis, we detected variations in the spectral features of the continuum, the Fe line, and the cyclotron resonance scattering feature (CRSF). The photon index ranged from 0.72 to 1.06, corresponding to the difference in the Comptonization optical depth by a factor of ∼1.6. The equivalent width and intensity of the Fe line had negative correlations with the continuum flux. The central energy and the strength of the CRSF increased at the pulse maximum. The former ranged from 26.0 to 28.7 keV, while the latter varied by a factor of ∼1.9. The pulse profile was double-peaked in the low-energy band, and it gradually shifted to being single-peaked with energy, indicating the existence of two distinct emission patterns, corresponding to the pencil and fan beams. Finally, we found that the pulse profiles were highly stable along the orbital phase, within a variation degree of ∼20%, which provides evidence of the highly stable accretion stream of the binary system.