THEMIS: A Parameter Estimation Framework for the Event Horizon Telescope
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Published:2020-07-01
Issue:2
Volume:897
Page:139
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ISSN:0004-637X
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Container-title:The Astrophysical Journal
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language:
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Short-container-title:ApJ
Author:
Broderick Avery E.ORCID, Gold RomanORCID, Karami MansourORCID, Preciado-López Jorge A.ORCID, Tiede PaulORCID, Pu Hung-YiORCID, Akiyama KazunoriORCID, Alberdi AntxonORCID, Alef Walter, Asada Keiichi, Azulay RebeccaORCID, Baczko Anne-KathrinORCID, Baloković MislavORCID, Barrett JohnORCID, Bintley Dan, Blackburn LindyORCID, Boland Wilfred, Bouman Katherine L.ORCID, Bower Geoffrey C.ORCID, Bremer Michael, Brinkerink Christiaan D.ORCID, Brissenden RogerORCID, Britzen SilkeORCID, Broguiere Dominique, Bronzwaer ThomasORCID, Byun Do-YoungORCID, Carlstrom John E.ORCID, Chael AndrewORCID, Chatterjee ShamiORCID, Chatterjee KoushikORCID, Chen Ming-TangORCID, Chen YongjunORCID, Cho IljeORCID, Conway John E.ORCID, Cordes James M.ORCID, Crew Geoffrey B.ORCID, Cui YuzhuORCID, Davelaar JordyORCID, De Laurentis MariafeliciaORCID, Deane RogerORCID, Dempsey JessicaORCID, Desvignes GregoryORCID, Doeleman Sheperd S.ORCID, Eatough Ralph P.ORCID, Falcke HeinoORCID, Fish Vincent L.ORCID, Fomalont EdORCID, Fraga-Encinas RaquelORCID, Friberg PerORCID, Fromm Christian M.ORCID, Galison PeterORCID, Gammie Charles F.ORCID, García RobertoORCID, Gentaz Olivier, Georgiev BorisORCID, Goddi CiriacoORCID, Gómez José L.ORCID, Gu MinfengORCID, Gurwell MarkORCID, Hada KazuhiroORCID, Hecht Michael H., Hesper RonaldORCID, Ho Luis C.ORCID, Ho PaulORCID, Honma MarekiORCID, Huang Chih-Wei L., Huang LeiORCID, Hughes David H., Inoue MakotoORCID, Issaoun SaraORCID, James David J.ORCID, Janssen MichaelORCID, Jeter BrittonORCID, Jiang WuORCID, Jiménez-Rosales AlejandraORCID, Johnson Michael D.ORCID, Jorstad SvetlanaORCID, Jung TaehyunORCID, Karuppusamy RameshORCID, Kawashima TomohisaORCID, Keating Garrett K.ORCID, Kettenis MarkORCID, Kim Jae-YoungORCID, Kim JongsooORCID, Kino MotokiORCID, Koay Jun YiORCID, Koch Patrick M.ORCID, Koyama ShokoORCID, Kramer MichaelORCID, Kramer CarstenORCID, Krichbaum Thomas P.ORCID, Kuo Cheng-YuORCID, Lee Sang-SungORCID, Li Yan-RongORCID, Li ZhiyuanORCID, Lindqvist MichaelORCID, Lico RoccoORCID, Liu KuoORCID, Liuzzo ElisabettaORCID, Lo Wen-PingORCID, Lobanov Andrei P.ORCID, Loinard LaurentORCID, Lonsdale ColinORCID, Lu Ru-SenORCID, MacDonald Nicholas R.ORCID, Mao JirongORCID, Marscher Alan P.ORCID, Martí-Vidal IvánORCID, Matsushita Satoki, Matthews Lynn D.ORCID, Menten Karl M.ORCID, Mizuno YosukeORCID, Mizuno IzumiORCID, Moran James M.ORCID, Moriyama KotaroORCID, Moscibrodzka MonikaORCID, Müller CorneliaORCID, Nagai HiroshiORCID, Nagar Neil M.ORCID, Nakamura MasanoriORCID, Narayan RameshORCID, Narayanan GopalORCID, Natarajan IniyanORCID, Neri RobertoORCID, Ni ChunchongORCID, Noutsos Aristeidis, Okino HirokiORCID, Olivares HéctorORCID, Ortiz-León Gisela N.ORCID, Oyama TomoakiORCID, Palumbo Daniel C. M.ORCID, Park JonghoORCID, Pen Ue-LiORCID, Pesce Dominic W.ORCID, Piétu Vincent, Plambeck RichardORCID, PopStefanija Aleksandar, Porth OliverORCID, Prather BenORCID, Ramakrishnan VenkatesshORCID, Rao RamprasadORCID, Rawlings Mark G.ORCID, Raymond Alexander W.ORCID, Rezzolla LucianoORCID, Ripperda BartORCID, Roelofs FreekORCID, Rogers AlanORCID, Ros EduardoORCID, Rose MelORCID, Rottmann HelgeORCID, Ruszczyk ChetORCID, Ryan Benjamin R.ORCID, Rygl Kazi L. J.ORCID, Sánchez SalvadorORCID, Sánchez-Arguelles DavidORCID, Sasada MahitoORCID, Savolainen TuomasORCID, Schloerb F. Peter, Schuster Karl-FriedrichORCID, Shao LijingORCID, Shen ZhiqiangORCID, Small DesORCID, Sohn Bong WonORCID, SooHoo JasonORCID, Tazaki FumieORCID, Tilanus Remo P. J.ORCID, Titus MichaelORCID, Toma KenjiORCID, Torne PabloORCID, Traianou EfthaliaORCID, Trippe SaschaORCID, Tsuda Shuichiro, van Bemmel IlseORCID, van Langevelde Huib JanORCID, van Rossum Daniel R.ORCID, Wagner JanORCID, Wardle JohnORCID, Weintroub JonathanORCID, Wex NorbertORCID, Wharton RobertORCID, Wielgus MaciekORCID, Wong George N.ORCID, Wu QingwenORCID, Yoon DoosooORCID, Young AndréORCID, Young KenORCID, Younsi ZiriORCID, Yuan FengORCID, Yuan Ye-FeiORCID, Zensus J. AntonORCID, Zhao GuangyaoORCID, Zhao Shan-ShanORCID, Zhu ZiyanORCID
Abstract
Abstract
The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) provides the unprecedented ability to directly resolve the structure and dynamics of black hole emission regions on scales smaller than their horizons. This has the potential to critically probe the mechanisms by which black holes accrete and launch outflows, and the structure of supermassive black hole spacetimes. However, accessing this information is a formidable analysis challenge for two reasons. First, the EHT natively produces a variety of data types that encode information about the image structure in nontrivial ways; these are subject to a variety of systematic effects associated with very long baseline interferometry and are supplemented by a wide variety of auxiliary data on the primary EHT targets from decades of other observations. Second, models of the emission regions and their interaction with the black hole are complex, highly uncertain, and computationally expensive to construct. As a result, the scientific utilization of EHT observations requires a flexible, extensible, and powerful analysis framework. We present such a framework, Themis, which defines a set of interfaces between models, data, and sampling algorithms that facilitates future development. We describe the design and currently existing components of Themis, how Themis has been validated thus far, and present additional analyses made possible by Themis that illustrate its capabilities. Importantly, we demonstrate that Themis is able to reproduce prior EHT analyses, extend these, and do so in a computationally efficient manner that can efficiently exploit modern high-performance computing facilities. Themis has already been used extensively in the scientific analysis and interpretation of the first EHT observations of M87.
Publisher
American Astronomical Society
Subject
Space and Planetary Science,Astronomy and Astrophysics
Cited by
47 articles.
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