Advancements and Challenges in Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries: Mechanisms, Materials, Electrolytes, and Interface Engineering

Abstract

Rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion batteries hold significant promise as a safer and more environmentally friendly alternative to conventional lithium-ion batteries for energy storage applications. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the charge storage mechanism, electrode materials, electrolyte considerations, and electrode interface challenges in aqueous zinc-ion batteries. The complex charge storage mechanism involving zinc ion movement between the cathode and zinc metal anode is discussed in detail. Anode and cathode material selections and design strategies are explored, highlighting their pivotal roles in determining battery performance, energy density, cycle lifespan, and stability. The critical influence of electrolyte choice and design on battery performance is also elucidated, emphasizing the interplay between high ionic conductivity, stability, temperature range, and cost. The paper further delves into the challenges and advancements related to optimizing the electrode interface, addressing issues such as dendrite growth, electrode passivation, and side reactions. Finally, future research directions and strategies to overcome current limitations are outlined, underscoring the potential of aqueous zinc-ion batteries as a viable and sustainable energy storage solution.