Abstract
Abstract
Background
Viola philippica Cav. is the only source plant of “Zi Hua Di Ding”, which is a Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) that is utilized as an antifebrile and detoxicant agent for the treatment of acute pyogenic infections. Historically, many Viola species with violet flowers have been misused in “Zi Hua Di Ding”. Viola have been recognized as a taxonomically difficult genera due to their highly similar morphological characteristics. Here, all common V. philippica adulterants were sampled. A total of 24 complete chloroplast (cp) genomes were analyzed, among these 5 cp genome sequences were downloaded from GenBank and 19 cp genomes, including 2 “Zi Hua Di Ding” purchased from a local TCM pharmacy, were newly sequenced.
Results
The Viola cp genomes ranged from 156,483 bp to 158,940 bp in length. A total of 110 unique genes were annotated, including 76 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNAs, and four rRNAs. Sequence divergence analysis screening identified 16 highly diverged sequences; these could be used as markers for the identification of Viola species. The morphological, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference trees of whole cp genome sequences and highly diverged sequences were divided into five monophyletic clades. The species in each of the five clades were identical in their positions within the morphological and cp genome tree. The shared morphological characters belonging to each clade was summarized. Interestingly, unique variable sites were found in ndhF, rpl22, and ycf1 of V. philippica, and these sites can be selected to distinguish V. philippica from samples all other Viola species, including its most closely related species. In addition, important morphological characteristics were proposed to assist the identification of V. philippica. We applied these methods to examine 2 “Zi Hua Di Ding” randomly purchased from the local TCM pharmacy, and this analysis revealed that the morphological and molecular characteristics were valid for the identification of V. philippica.
Conclusions
This study provides invaluable data for the improvement of species identification and germplasm of V. philippica that may facilitate the application of a super-barcode in TCM identification and enable future studies on phylogenetic evolution and safe medical applications.
Funder
Shandong Agricultural science and Technology Found Project
National Natural Science Foundation of China
Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province
The Survey of Herbaceous Plant Germplasm Resources of Shandong Province
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Reference97 articles.
1. Marcussen T, Blaxland K, Windham MD, Haskins KE, Armstrong F. Establishing the phylogenetic origin, history, and age of the narrow endemic Viola guadalupensis (Violaceae). Am J Bot. 2011;98(12):1978–88. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1100208.
2. Ballard HE, Jr., Kenneth J. Sytsma, Robert R. Kowal. Phylogenetic relationships of infrageneric groups in Viola (Violaceae) based on internal transcribed spacer DNA sequences. Syst Bot. 1999;23(4):439–58. https://doi.org/10.2307/2419376.
3. Chen YS, Yang QE, Ohba H, Nikitin VV. Violaceae: Flora of China, vol.13. In: Flora of China Editorial Committee. Beijing:Science Press; Saint Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden Press; 2007. p. 74–111.
4. Daly NL, Rosengren KJ, Craik DJ. Discovery, structure and biological activities of cyclotides. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2009;61(11):918–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2009.05.003.
5. Parsley NC, Sadecki PW, Hartmann CJ, Hicks LM. Viola "inconspicua" no more: an analysis of antibacterial cyclotides. J Nat Prod. 2019;82(9):2537–43. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b00359.
Cited by
14 articles.
订阅此论文施引文献
订阅此论文施引文献,注册后可以免费订阅5篇论文的施引文献,订阅后可以查看论文全部施引文献