High blood pressure and associated factors among HIV-infected young persons aged 13 to 25 years at selected health facilities in Rwenzori region, western Uganda, September–October 2021

Abstract

Abstract Background High blood pressure (HBP), including hypertension (HTN), is a predictor of cardiovascular events, and is an emerging challenge in young persons. The risk of cardiovascular events may be further amplified among people living with HIV (PLHIV). We determined the prevalence of HBP and associated factors among PLHIV aged 13 to 25 years in Rwenzori region, western Uganda. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study among PLHIV aged 13 to 25 years at nine health facilities in Kabarole and Kasese districts during September 16 to October 15, 2021. We reviewed medical records to obtain clinical and demographic data. At a single clinic visit, we measured and classified BP as normal (< 120/ < 80 mmHg), elevated (120/ < 80 to 129/ < 80), stage 1 HTN (130/80 to 139/89), and stage 2 HTN (≥ 140/90). We categorized participants as having HBP if they had elevated BP or HTN. We performed multivariable analysis using modified Poisson regression to identify factors associated with HBP. Results Of the 1,045 PLHIV, most (68%) were female and the mean age was 20 (3.8) years. The prevalence of HBP was 49% (n = 515; 95% confidence interval [CI], 46%–52%), the prevalence of elevated BP was 22% (n = 229; 95% CI, 26%–31%), and the prevalence of HTN was 27% (n = 286; 95% CI, 25%–30%), including 220 (21%) with stage 1 HTN and 66 (6%) with stage 2 HTN. Older age (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR], 1.21; 95% CI, 1.01–1.44 for age group of 18–25 years vs. 13–17 years), history of tobacco smoking (aPR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.08–1.83), and higher resting heart rate (aPR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.01–1.32 for > 76 beats/min vs. ≤ 76 beats/min) were associated with HBP. Conclusions Nearly half of the PLHIV evaluated had HBP, and one-quarter had HTN. These findings highlight a previously unknown high burden of HBP in this setting’s young populations. HBP was associated with older age, elevated resting heart rate, and ever smoking; all of which are known traditional risk factors for HBP in HIV-negative persons. To prevent future cardiovascular disease epidemics among PLHIV, there is a need to integrate HBP/HIV management.