Comparison of plasma substance P concentrations in the blood of healthy male and female German Simmental calves

Abstract

Abstract Background The recognition of pain is a major problem in cattle, as they are stoic animals which strongly mask their pain. Among objective parameters to assess pain in cattle is substance P (SP), a neurotransmitter which is involved in the pain pathways. Research about SP concentration in calves focus on painful procedures, such as castration and dehorning. Basic research work is lacking; evaluation of SP concentrations in healthy calves and possible differences between sexes have not been published yet. The objectives of this study were to (1) describe SP concentrations in healthy male and female calves of the German Simmental breed to establish benchmarks of orientation, (2) compare SP concentrations between male and female calves, and (3) assess differences in SP concentrations between calves and adult cows. A total of 44 male and 49 female calves aged 14 to 21 days (17.1 ± 2.2 days) were included in this study. Blood samples were taken at 06:00 a.m. from the jugular vein, followed by a clinical examination. SP concentrations were analyzed using a commercial ELISA kit. Differences in SP concentrations according to laboratory parameters, and correlation of SP concentrations with different parameters were assessed. Results Median SP concentrations in the blood plasma were 516 pg/ml (Interquartile Range 320 pg/ml, range 229–1615 pg/ml) in calves. Median SP concentrations differed significantly between male and female calves (554 pg/ml for male, and 489 pg/ml for female calves, respectively). There was no significant difference in animals with laboratory findings within reference ranges and those with mild deviations from reference ranges. There was a positive correlation between SP concentrations and leucocyte count, which was significant. SP concentrations were significantly lower in calves compared with a dataset of adult cows, which has been published previously. Conclusion Due to the high interindividual differences in SP concentrations, it is hard to establish benchmarks for orientation. Sex has a significant influence on SP concentrations. Research work should preferably be done in animals of the same sex. Also, animals should be within the same age range (adults or calves), as age seems to have an influence on SP concentrations.