Revisiting Interior Water Mass Responses to Surface Forcing Changes and the Subsequent Effects on Overturning in the Southern Ocean

Author:

Tesdal Jan‐Erik12ORCID,MacGilchrist Graeme A.12ORCID,Beadling Rebecca L.123,Griffies Stephen M.12ORCID,Krasting John P.2ORCID,Durack Paul J.4ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Princeton University Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Program Princeton NJ USA

2. NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Princeton NJ USA

3. Department of Earth and Environmental Science Temple University Philadelphia PA USA

4. Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore CA USA

Abstract

AbstractTwo coupled climate models, differing primarily in horizontal resolution and treatment of mesoscale eddies, were used to assess the impact of perturbations in wind stress and Antarctic ice sheet (AIS) melting on the Southern Ocean meridional overturning circulation (SO MOC), which plays an important role in global climate regulation. The largest impact is found in the SO MOC lower limb, associated with the formation of Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW), which in both models is enhanced by wind and weakened by AIS meltwater perturbations. Even though both models under the AIS melting perturbation show similar AABW transport reductions of 4–5 Sv (50%–60%), the volume deflation of AABW south of 30°S is four times greater in the higher resolution simulation (−20 vs. −5 Sv). Water mass transformation (WMT) analysis reveals that surface‐forced dense water formation on the Antarctic shelf is absent in the higher resolution and reduced by half in the lower resolution model in response to the increased AIS melting. However, the decline of the AABW volume (and its inter‐model difference) far exceeds the surface‐forced WMT changes alone, which indicates that the divergent model responses arise from interactions between changes in surface forcing and interior mixing processes. This model divergence demonstrates an important source of uncertainty in climate modeling, and indicates that accurate shelf processes together with scenarios accounting for AIS melting are necessary for robust projections of the deep ocean's response to anthropogenic forcing.

Funder

U.S. Department of Energy

National Science Foundation

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

UK Research and Innovation

Publisher

American Geophysical Union (AGU)

Subject

Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous),Space and Planetary Science,Geochemistry and Petrology,Geophysics,Oceanography

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