Plants Stress: Salt Stress and Mechanisms of Stress Tolerance

Abstract

A diverse combination of biotic and abiotic pressures makes up the environment that plants naturally inhabit. These pressures cause similarly complicated responses in plants. The purpose of the review is to critically evaluate the effects of various stress stimuli on higher plants with an emphasis on the typical and distinctive dose-dependent responses that are essential for plant growth and development. In order to improve agricultural productivity, breed new salt-tolerant cultivars, and make the most of saline land, it is essential to comprehend the mechanisms underlying plant salt tolerance. Soil salinization has emerged as a global problem. Locating regulatory centres in complex networks is made possible by systems biology techniques, enabling a multi-targeted approach. The goal of systems biology is to organise the molecular constituents of an organism (transcripts, proteins, and metabolites) into functioning networks or models that describe and forecast the dynamic behaviours of that organism in diverse contexts. This review focuses on the molecular, physiological, and pharmacological mechanisms that underlie how stress affects genomic instability, including DNA damage. Additionally, a summary of the physiological mechanisms behind salt tolerance, including the removal of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and osmotic adjustment, has been provided. The salt overly sensitive (SOS), calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPKs), and abscisic acid (ABA) pathways are the four main signalling pathways for stress. According to earlier research, salt stress causes harm to plants by inhibiting photosynthesis, upsetting ion homeostasis, and peroxiding membranes. listed a few genes that are sensitive to salt stress and correspond to physiological systems. The review describes the most recent tactics and procedures for boosting salt tolerance in plants. We can make predictions about how plants will behave in the field and better understand how they respond to different levels of stress by understanding both the positive and negative aspects of stress responses, including genomic instability. The new knowledge can be put to use to enhance crop productivity and develop more resilient plant kinds, ensuring a consistent supply of food for the global population, which is currently undergoing rapid expansion.