Long COVID: Epidemiology, post-COVID-19 manifestations, possible mechanisms, treatment, and prevention strategies – A review

Abstract

Background and objectives: The respiratory disease COVID-19 began in 2019 and quickly became a pandemic infecting millions of individuals across the globe. Many patients show lingering effects of the infection several days after testing negative for the disease. This has become known as “long COVID” and is defined by various sources as lasting anywhere from 4 weeks to periods. This is a review of the existing literature on long COVID which offersextensive insights into its clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment. Materials and method: Information on clinical features, mechanisms, treatment options, preventive measures, and epidemiology of long COVID is derived from an extensive review of scientific journals and pertinent authoritative sources. Results: The virus enters the cells via angiotensin-converting enzyme 2(ACE2) receptors. ACE2 receptors are present on numerous cell types throughout the body and thus the virus can affect several organs resulting in avariety of different symptoms. Long COVID symptoms include fatigue, dyspnea, headache, brain fog, and symptoms related to cardiovascular and pulmonary systems. Fatigue can affect upwards of 93% of patients suffering from long COVID. Failure of the body to clear the virus could initiate this chronic effect. Studies indicate that the use of antiviral drugs at the early phase of COVID-19 could prevent long COVID symptoms. Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 also might help prevent long COVID. Conclusion: Diagnosing and managing long COVID is challenging due to diverse symptoms, including mental health issues like anxiety and depression. Longitudinal studies and patient-oriented approaches are crucial for treatment, supported by policies and educational campaigns. Understanding the pathophysiology remains a top priority. July 2024; Vol. 18(2):003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.18.015 *Correspondence: M. S. Zaman, Department of Biological Sciences, Alcorn State University, Lorman, MS 39096, USA; Department of Biology, South Texas College, McAllen, TX 78501, USA. Emails: zaman@alcorn.edu; mzaman@southtexascollege.edu