Local heat produces a shear-mediated biphasic response in the thermoregulatory microcirculation of the Pallid bat wing

Abstract

Investigators report that local heat causes an increase in skin blood flow consisting of two phases. The first is solely sensory neural, and the second is nitric oxide mediated. We hypothesize that mechanisms behind these two phases are causally linked by shear stress. Because microvascular blood flow, endothelial shear stress, and vessel diameters cannot be measured in humans, bat wing arterioles (26.6 ± 0.3, 42.0 ± 0.4, and 58.7 ± 2.2 μm) were visualized noninvasively on a transparent heat plate via intravital microscopy. Increasing plate temperature from 25 to 37°C increased flow in all three arterial sizes (137.1 ± 0.3, 251.9 ± 0.5, and 184.3 ± 0.6%) in a biphasic manner. With heat, diameter increased in large arterioles ( n = 6) by 8.7 ± 0.03% within 6 min, medium arterioles ( n = 8) by 19.7 ± 0.5% within 4 min, and small arterioles ( n = 8) by 31.6 ± 2.2% in the first minute. Lidocaine (0.2 ml, 2% wt/vol) and NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (0.2 ml, 1% wt/vol) were applied topically to arterioles (∼40 μm) to block sensory nerves, modulate shear stress, and block nitric oxide generation. Local heat caused only a 10.4 ± 5.5% increase in diameter with neural blockade ( n = 8) and only a 7.5 ± 4.1% increase in diameter when flow was reduced ( n = 8), both significantly lower than control ( P < 0.001). Diameter and flow increases were significantly reduced with NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester application ( P < 0.05). Our novel thermoregulatory animal model illustrates 1) regulation of shear stress, 2) a nonneural component of the first phase, and 3) a shear-mediated second phase. The time course of dilation suggests that early dilation of small arterioles increases flow and enhances second-phase dilation of the large arterioles.