Responses of Ankle Extensor and Flexor Motoneurons to Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Abstract

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the motor cortex excites limb muscles of the contralateral side of the body. Reports of poorly defined, or a complete lack of systematic excitatory responses of soleus motoneurons compared with those of tibialis anterior (TA) motoneurons has led to the proposal that while all ankle flexor motoneurons receive strong corticomotoneuronal connections, very few soleus motoneurons do. In addition, the connections to these few motoneurons are weak. The nature of corticomotoneuronal connections onto these two motoneuron pools was re-evaluated in the following experiments. The leg area of the left motor cortex was stimulated with a large double-cone coil using Magstim 200, while surface electromyographic (EMG) and single motor unit (SMU) responses were recorded from soleus and TA muscles of healthy adult subjects. Under resting conditions, the onset (25–30 ms) and duration of concomitantly recorded short latency motor evoked potentials (MEPs) in surface EMG from both muscles were similar. The input-output relationships of the simultaneously recorded soleus and TA EMG responses showed much greater increases in TA MEPs compared with soleus MEPs with identical increases in stimulus intensity. Under resting and nonisometric conditions, a later peak with onset latency of approximately 100 ms was observed in soleus. During isometric conditions or with vibration of the TA tendon, the second soleus peak was abolished indicating reflex origin of this peak. Recordings from 42 soleus and 39 TA motor units showed clear response peaks in the peristimulus time histograms (PSTHs) of every unit. Two statistical tests were done to determine the onset and duration of response peaks in the PSTHs. With χ2 test, the duration was 6.9 ± 4.2 ms (mean ± SD) for soleus and 5.1 ± 2.1 ms for TA. Using the criterion of discerning a peak by bin counts being three SDs above background, the duration was 10.0 ± 4.4 ms for soleus and 7.8 ± 2.6 ms for TA. Results of these experiments do not suggest a lack of systematic corticomotoneuronal connections on soleus motoneurons when compared with those on TA, though some differences in the strengths of corticomotoneuronal connections onto the two pools do exist.