1. Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan;
2. Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science;
3. Graduate School of Program in Lifelong Learning Studies, Hokusho University, Hokkaido, Japan;
4. Northern Regions Lifelong Sports Research Center (SPOR), Hokkaido, Japan;
5. Department of Sports Education, Hokkaido University of Education, Hokkaido, Japan; and
6. Department of Physiology, Yamanashi Institute of Environmental Sciences, Yamanashi, Japan